Method and system for clustering data arising from a database

ABSTRACT

A method for clustering data or objects in an array, each element of the array corresponding to a similarity between the objects implemented within a computer linked with a database containing the data or objects The method includes determining a number of classes of objects based on values of the relationships computed between an object and a previously established class, for each class found, determining the value of each of the relationships between a class and the other classes, and merging certain classes, and taking each object of each class one by one, determining the value of the relationship of each object with each of the classes other than the class into which the object was initially classed, if the value of the relationship is greater then transferring the object to the new class, this is continued until all the values of the relationships are negative.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is a National Stage of International patent application PCT/EP2009/067702, filed on Dec. 21, 2009, which claims priority to foreign French patent application No. FR 08 07490, filed on Dec. 30, 2008, the disclosures of which are incorporated by reference in their entirety.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The subject of the present invention relates notably to a method and a system making it possible to cluster data taking the form of relational matrices, that is to say that there exist relations between the objects O_(i) or data of this database. The invention can also process rectangular arrays, insofar as it is always possible to deduce a square array from a rectangular array (objects×attributes) by computing measurements of similarities between the objects of the original array.

The invention may be used in the field of automatic classification (better known by the term “clustering”). It finds its application notably in the case where the data to be clustered take the form of relational matrices (relations between the objects to be clustered) and which, in fact, allow very flexible representation of graphs or interdependency networks.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

In the field of automatic data classification, the problems to be solved consist, starting from a database containing significant quantities of data, of the order of a few hundred thousand or a few million, relating to n objects or individuals O_(i), in sorting these data very rapidly. These data generally take the form of arrays (or matrices) of two types: rectangular matrices (objects×attributes measured on these objects) or else square matrices (objects×objects), representing relations between the objects. The aim of the clustering consists in constructing, on the basis of these matrices, groups of coherent objects having strong descriptive (description of the individuals) and/or behavioral similarities.

When the data take the form of square matrices, they represent, more often than not, measurements of resemblances or proximities between the objects of the database. The aim thereafter is to seek to discover an optimal and automatic decomposition of the population into a much more restricted number of classes (or clusters) of objects (similar or having the same behaviors) and thereafter to define strategies of actions, depending on the concerned field. For example, one of the possible actions is to discover faults making it possible to predict other faults in a computer network. Another example is to discover a set of customers of a bank to whom it is possible to propose certain products and who have a high probability of responding positively. Another action is to discover niches of clients of an insurance company for whom it is possible to create specific insurance policies which were not, a priori, evident to define, etc. One of the main difficulties in discovering these classes results from the fact that, despite the progress achieved in the computational power of processors and the storage capacity of current computers, the stored data being ever more voluminous, or occupying ever more memory room, it is very difficult to cluster the objects of a database with reasonable processing times. This is still more true when the available data take the form of square matrices representing relations between objects.

Various automatic classification procedures are known from the prior art. Thus, it is possible to cite the procedure of the k-means, hierarchical clustering or else relational analysis.

Patent application EP 1960916, filed by the Applicant, describes a clustering method where the initial data take the form of tables whose rows are the individuals to be clustered and whose columns are variables measured on these individuals.

Despite the good results offered by these prior art procedures, they exhibit notably the following weaknesses:

-   1) a problem with fixing the number of classes and referents     (centers) to be used to initialize the partition to be found.     Indeed, the procedures of k-means type, for example, need to fix in     an arbitrary manner and, a priori, the number of classes to be found     in the data as well as a few initial individuals considered as the     centers of the initial classes; -   2) a problem with fixing, arbitrarily and a priori, the cutoff level     of the dendrogram for the hierarchical clustering procedures, -   3) an impossibility of processing significant volumes of data in a     linear manner in reasonable times when the data take the form of     relational data.

Thus, the usual clustering procedures do not make it possible, on the one hand, to process data of graph or relational type in a linear manner and, on the other hand, they depend heavily on the fixing of parameters such as the number of classes to be found or the centers (objects chosen from among the population according to random mathematical draws or in an arbitrary manner).

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The method according to the invention is based notably on the theory of relational analysis presenting the advantage of not making arbitrary and a-priori assumptions as regards the expected results of the clustering process.

The system and the method according to the invention propose a new approach using rows of the relational matrices to be processed and make it possible, by virtue of these representations, to process very big volumes of data in fast times while reducing both the necessary memory space and also the computation times.

The invention relates to a method for clustering data or objects O_(i), O_(j) taking the form of an array S, each of the elements of said array S corresponding to a value of similarity s_(ij) existing between said objects O_(i) and O_(j) said method being implemented within a computer linked with a database containing the data or objects to be clustered comprising a work memory, a processor, characterized in that it comprises at least the following steps:

-   -   1) determine a number k of classes of objects in the following         manner: take an object O_(i) which has the fewest possible         similarities s_(ij) with the other objects O_(j) that is to say         the one for which the sum of the components

$\sum\limits_{i^{\prime} = 1}^{n}\; S_{{ii}^{\prime}}$

-   -    of its profile is the smallest,     -   Place the individual O_(i) in a first class C₁,     -   Consider all the remaining objects different from O_(i) and take         from among them a second object O_(j), for which the sum of the         components of its profile is the smallest out of the remaining         objects,         -   if the relationship l_(jC) ₁ computed between the new object             O_(j) with the previous class C₁ consisting of a single             individual is negative, then create a new class C₂ and place             the object O_(j) in this new class C₂, otherwise (i.e. if             this relationship is positive) place the object O_(j) in the             class C₁,         -   repeat until all the objects O_(j) belong to a class of             index k, on completion of this first step the method has a             set of κ classes (not predefined a priori),     -   2) for each of the κ classes found in step 1), determine the         value of the relationships l_(C) _(k) _(C) _(k′) between a class         C_(k) and the other classes C_(k′) such that k′ is different         from k, if all the relationships determined l_(C) _(k) _(C)         _(k′) are negative, then do not merge the class C_(k) with         another class, otherwise merge the class considered C_(k) with         the class C_(k′) with which said class considered C_(k) has the         strongest relationship, the highest value l_(C) _(k) _(C) _(k′)         add this value to the criterion

${C(X)} = {\left( {\sum\limits_{k = 1}^{\kappa}l_{C_{k}C_{k}}} \right) + l_{C_{k}C_{k}^{\prime}}}$ until stability of the criterion

${C(X)} = {\left( {\sum\limits_{k = 1}^{\kappa}l_{C_{k}C_{k}}} \right) + l_{C_{k}C_{k}^{\prime}}}$ is obtained, on completion of this step 2), said method has L classes with L≦κ,

-   -   3) take each object O_(j) of each class C_(l) (l≦L) one by one,         determine the value of the relationship l_(iC) _(m) of this         object with each of the classes C_(l) other than the class of         index k into which it was classed in the initial step, if the         value of the relationship l_(iC) _(m) with the class of index m         is greater than the value of the relationship l_(iC) _(k) then         transfer the object from its class of index k to the new class         of index m, this is continued until all the values of the         relationships l_(iC) _(k) are negative.     -   The definition of the relationship l_(ii)′ between the objects         or the individuals O_(i) and O_(i′) is explained later in the         description. On the basis of the definition of the Condorcet         criterion C(X) defined by equation (4)

$\begin{matrix} \begin{matrix} {{C(X)} = {\sum\limits_{i = 1}^{n}{\sum\limits_{i^{\prime} = 1}^{n}{\left( {s_{{ii}^{\prime}} - {\alpha \times \frac{s_{ii} + s_{i^{\prime}i^{\prime}}}{2}}} \right)x_{{ii}^{\prime}}}}}} \\ {= {\sum\limits_{i = 1}^{n}{\sum\limits_{i^{\prime} = 1}^{n}{\left( {A_{{ii}^{\prime}} - {\alpha \times {AM}_{{ii}^{\prime}}}} \right)x_{{ii}^{\prime}}}}}} \\ {= {\sum\limits_{i = 1}^{n}{\sum\limits_{i^{\prime} = 1}^{n}{l_{{ii}^{\prime}}x_{{ii}^{\prime}}}}}} \end{matrix} & (4) \end{matrix}$

It emerges that the relationship l_(ii)′ between the two objects O_(i) and O_(i′) is none other than the cost of the economic function of the criterion, i.e.: l _(ii′) =A _(ii′) −α×AM _(ii′)

-   Where A_(ii′) and AM_(ii′) are the agreement (respectively the     maximum possible agreement) between the two objects O_(i) and     O_(i′), -   The relationships between an object and a class as well as between     two classes are defined further on in the description.

The array is for example a square array representative of n×n objects.

According to one mode of implementation, the method is executed for a rectangular array representative of n objects×a attributes and comprises a step of transforming the array n objects×a attributes to the array S containing the values of similarity s_(ij) existing between said objects O_(i).

The invention also relates to a system making it possible to cluster data taking the form of an array S, each of the elements of said array S corresponding to a value of similarity s_(ij) existing between said objects O_(j), characterized in that it comprises at least the following elements: a computer linked with a database to be clustered comprising a work memory a processor suitable for executing the steps of the method exhibiting one of the aforementioned characteristics.

The system can comprise a database containing the result of the clustering method according to the invention, executed on the processor.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

Other characteristics and advantages of the present invention will be more apparent on reading a nonlimiting exemplary embodiment while referring to the figures which represent:

FIG. 1, a diagram corresponding to a platform for processing the data to be clustered comprising a means for executing the method according to the invention,

FIG. 2, a functional diagram describing the general operation of the data processing or automatic data classification chain.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

FIG. 1 represents an exemplary platform on which the method according to the invention is implemented. This platform comprises, for example, a computer 1 comprising a work memory 2, a processor 3, a buffer memory 4 in the case where the size of the work memory is not sufficient relative to the volume of the processed data. The platform can also contain a database 5 containing the result of the clustering method according to the invention, executed on the processor 3. The computer 1 is linked with a database 6 containing the data to be clustered. The computer also comprises inputs/outputs or man machine interface 7. The man machine interface may be a display screen on which the clustering result will be presented to a user. The arrows represented in FIG. 1 show diagrammatically the various exchanges existing between the processor 3 and the various elements contained in the platform or the elements outside it.

In certain cases of applications, when the data or objects to be clustered do not take the form of a square array of dimension n×n, the method will comprise a preprocessing phase, the function of which is notably to format the objects or data to be clustered into the form of a square array with n dimensions, where n is the number of objects to be clustered, an element s_(ij) of this array corresponding to the similarity value existing between two objects O_(i), O_(j) of the array. This similarity value is determined by implementing a method known to the person skilled in the art by the term “similarity computation”, which will not be explained in the subsequent description.

In the given example, the method will use the objects of a base in which the relations between objects are stored and will consider that each row of the square array containing a profile of similarity s_(ij) corresponding to a given object O_(i) with the other objects O_(j) of the database to be processed. The data processed in the present patent application are data taking the form of squares (Objects×Objects).

The method will thereafter use a binary profile to rapidly compute the relationships l_(ij) between all the pairs of objects (O_(i), O_(j)). By using scalar products between the two profiles of the two objects (O_(i), O_(j)) hereinabove, the method makes it possible to carry out one global scalar product only, so as to compute the similarities between an object and a class instead of carrying out as many scalar products as the number of individuals belonging to the class.

To summarize, the clustering algorithm executed on the processor will take, as input, complex relational data or objects n*n where n is the number of objects to be processed, and process these objects O_(i) in a linear manner without arbitrary and a-priori fixing of the clustering parameters. The results obtained will be reinserted into a database. If the data do not take a relational form, a preprocessing step consisting in transforming these data into a relational form by computing similarities between objects will be applied upstream. Thus, when the data take a rectangular form, a method for computing measurements of similarity between the objects present will be used to create square matrices, which convey the relations which hold between the objects.

The example which follows is given for a database taking the form of a square array S of dimensions n² and of general term s_(ii′) representing the value of the aforementioned similarity between two objects O_(i) and O_(j′), obtained by procedures known to the person skilled in the art, where n is the number of objects to be-clustered.

$S = \begin{pmatrix} s_{11} & \ldots & s_{1i^{\prime}} & \ldots & s_{1n} \\ \vdots & \ldots & \vdots & \ldots & \vdots \\ s_{i\; 1} & \ldots & s_{{ii}^{\prime}} & \ldots & s_{in} \\ \vdots & \ldots & \vdots & \ldots & \vdots \\ s_{n\; 1} & \ldots & s_{{ni}^{\prime}} & \ldots & s_{nn} \end{pmatrix}$

The objects are numbered from 1 to n, the subscript i of the object O_(i) is therefore the index number of the object considered.

Each object O_(i) is represented by two profile vectors {right arrow over (P)}_(i) ^(s) and {right arrow over (P)}_(i) ^(b) of dimension n such that: {right arrow over (P)} _(i) ^(s)=(s _(i1) ,s _(i2) , . . . ,s _(ii′) , . . . ,s _(in)) {right arrow over (P)} _(i) ^(b)=(0,0, . . . ,1, . . . ,0)

The profile vector {right arrow over (P)}_(i) ^(s) represents the similarities of the object O_(i) with the n other objects of the population studied, including itself, and {right arrow over (P)}_(i) ^(b) is a binary vector containing only a single nonzero value equal to 1 in position i of this vector (index number of O_(i)).

The criterion to be maximized to obtain the final partition or classification of a set of objects is the modified Condorcet criterion C(X) defined by:

$\begin{matrix} {{C(X)} = {\sum\limits_{i = 1}^{n}{\sum\limits_{i^{\prime} = 1}^{n}{\left( {s_{{ii}^{\prime}} - {\alpha \times {f\left( {s_{ii},s_{i^{\prime}i^{\prime}}} \right)}}} \right)x_{{ii}^{\prime}}}}}} \\ {= {\sum\limits_{i = 1}^{n}{\sum\limits_{i^{\prime} = 1}^{n}{\left( {A_{{ii}^{\prime}} - {\alpha \times {AM}_{{ii}^{\prime}}}} \right)x_{{ii}^{\prime}}}}}} \\ {= {\sum\limits_{i = 1}^{n}{\sum\limits_{i^{\prime} = 1}^{n}{l_{{ii}^{\prime}}x_{{ii}^{\prime}}}}}} \end{matrix}$ Where:

-   -   ƒ(s_(ii),s_(i′i′)) is a function of the inherent similarities         (s_(ii), s_(i′i′)) between the two objects O_(i) and O_(i′), for         example:

${f\left( {s_{ii},s_{i^{\prime}i^{\prime}}} \right)} = \frac{s_{ii} + s_{i^{\prime}i^{\prime}}}{2}$

-   -    for an arithmetic mean or else ƒ(s_(ii), s_(i′i′))=√{square         root over (s_(ii)s_(i′i′))} for a geometric mean, etc.     -   α is a similarity threshold which can either be computed         automatically by a function taking into account the similarities         between the objects of the database or be defined by the user. A         possible function, giving an automatic threshold is, for         example,

$\alpha = \frac{\sum\limits_{i = 1}^{n}{\sum\limits_{i^{\prime} = 1}^{n}s_{{ii}^{\prime}}}}{\sum\limits_{i = 1}^{n}{\sum\limits_{i^{\prime} = 1}^{n}{f\left( {s_{ii},s_{i^{\prime}i^{\prime}}} \right)}}}$

-   -   A_(ii′) represents the agreement (or similarity) between the         objects O_(i) and O_(i′),     -   AM_(ii′) represents the maximum possible agreement between the         objects O_(i) and O_(i′),     -   l_(ii′) represents the relationship between the objects O_(i)         and O_(i′), (it also represents the cost of the economic         function to be maximized), and     -   x_(ii′) is the general term of the square binary matrix X of         dimensions n² representing the final partition to be found, and         defined by:

$x_{{ii}^{\prime}} = \left\{ \begin{matrix} 1 & {{if}\mspace{14mu} O_{i}\mspace{14mu}{and}\mspace{14mu} O_{i^{\prime}}\mspace{14mu}{are}\mspace{14mu}{in}\mspace{14mu}{the}\mspace{14mu}{same}\mspace{14mu}{class}\mspace{14mu}{of}\mspace{14mu}{the}\mspace{14mu}{final}\mspace{14mu}{partition}} \\ 0 & {{in}\mspace{14mu}{the}\mspace{14mu}{converse}\mspace{14mu}{case}} \end{matrix} \right.$

Denoting by (●) the scalar product between two arbitrary vectors and by using the profile vectors {right arrow over (P)}_(i) ^(s) and {right arrow over (P)}_(i) ^(b) we obtain:

$\begin{matrix} {A_{{ii}^{\prime}} = {{{\overset{->}{P}}_{i}^{b} \cdot {\overset{->}{P}}_{i^{\prime}}^{s}} = {{{\overset{->}{P}}_{i}^{s} \cdot {\overset{->}{P}}_{i^{\prime}}^{b}} = \frac{{{\overset{->}{P}}_{i}^{b} \cdot {\overset{->}{P}}_{i^{\prime}}^{s}} + {{\overset{->}{P}}_{i}^{s} \cdot {\overset{->}{P}}_{i^{\prime}}^{b}}}{2}}}} & (1) \\ {{AM}_{{ii}^{\prime}} = \frac{{{\overset{->}{P}}_{i}^{b} \cdot {\overset{->}{P}}_{i}^{s}} + {{\overset{->}{P}}_{i^{\prime}}^{b} \cdot {\overset{->}{P}}_{i^{\prime}}^{s}}}{2}} & (2) \\ {l_{{ii}^{\prime}} = \frac{{{\overset{->}{P}}_{i}^{b} \cdot \left( {{\overset{->}{P}}_{i^{\prime}}^{s} - {\alpha{\overset{->}{P}}_{i}^{s}}} \right)} + {{\overset{->}{P}}_{i^{\prime}}^{b} \cdot \left( {{\overset{->}{P}}_{i}^{s} - {\alpha\;{\overset{->}{P}}_{i^{\prime}}^{s}}} \right)}}{2}} & (3) \end{matrix}$

These computations being carried out for all the pairs of objects of the base to be clustered, the algorithm is still of complexity O(n²) at this juncture.

The criterion to be maximized to obtain the final partition or classification of a set of classes is the modified Condorcet criterion C(X) defined by:

$\begin{matrix} \begin{matrix} {{C(X)} = {\sum\limits_{i = 1}^{n}{\sum\limits_{i^{\prime} = 1}^{n}{\left( {s_{{ii}^{\prime}} - {\alpha \times \frac{s_{ii} + s_{i^{\prime}i^{\prime}}}{2}}} \right)x_{{ii}^{\prime}}}}}} \\ {= {\sum\limits_{i = 1}^{n}{\sum\limits_{i^{\prime} = 1}^{n}{\left( {A_{{ii}^{\prime}} - {\alpha \times {AM}_{{ii}^{\prime}}}} \right)x_{{ii}^{\prime}}}}}} \\ {= {\sum\limits_{i = 1}^{n}{\sum\limits_{i^{\prime} = 1}^{n}{l_{{ii}^{\prime}}x_{{ii}^{\prime}}}}}} \end{matrix} & (4) \end{matrix}$

To pass to the linearization method, it is necessary to compute the terms corresponding to formulae (1), (2), (3) hereinabove between an object O_(i) and a class C and between two classes C and C′.

By using formula (1), it is possible to compute the agreements between an object O_(i) and a class C and the agreements between two classes C and C′ denoted respectively A_(iC) and A_(CC′), by using the following two formulae

$\begin{matrix} {A_{iC} = {{\sum\limits_{i^{\prime} \in C}{{\overset{->}{P}}_{i}^{b} \cdot {\overset{->}{P}}_{i^{\prime}}^{s}}} = {{\sum\limits_{i^{\prime} \in C}{{\overset{->}{P}}_{i}^{s} \cdot {\overset{->}{P}}_{i^{\prime}}^{b}}} = {{{\overset{->}{P}}_{i}^{b} \cdot {\overset{->}{P}}_{C}^{s}} = {{{\overset{->}{P}}_{i}^{s} \cdot {\overset{->}{P}}_{C}^{b}} = \frac{{{\overset{->}{P}}_{i}^{b} \cdot {\overset{->}{P}}_{C}^{s}} + {{\overset{->}{P}}_{i}^{s} \cdot {\overset{->}{P}}_{C}^{b}}}{2}}}}}} & (5) \\ {\mspace{79mu}{A_{{CC}^{\prime}} = {{{\overset{->}{P}}_{C}^{b} \cdot {\overset{->}{P}}_{C^{\prime}}^{s}} = {{{\overset{->}{P}}_{C}^{s} \cdot {\overset{->}{P}}_{C^{\prime}}^{b}} = \frac{{{\overset{->}{P}}_{C}^{b} \cdot {\overset{->}{P}}_{C^{\prime}}^{s}} + {{\overset{->}{P}}_{C}^{s} \cdot {\overset{->}{P}}_{C^{\prime}}^{b}}}{2}}}}} & (6) \end{matrix}$ where {right arrow over (P)}_(C) ^(b) is a binary vector of dimension n such that all the components are equal to 0 except those corresponding to the individuals of the class C and {right arrow over (P)}_(C) ^(s) is a vector of dimension n such that each component contains the sum of the similarities between each and all the other objects of the class C:

${\overset{->}{P}}_{C}^{b} = {\sum\limits_{i \in C}{\overset{->}{P}}_{i}^{b}}$ ${\overset{->}{P}}_{C}^{s} = {\sum\limits_{i \in C}{\overset{->}{P}}_{i}^{s}}$

Likewise, by using formula (2), it is possible to compute the maximum possible agreements between, on the one hand, an object O_(i) and a class C denoted AM_(iC) and, on the other hand, between two classes C and C′ denoted AM_(CC′) by the relations:

$\begin{matrix} {{AM}_{iC} = {{\sum\limits_{i^{\prime} \in C}{AM}_{{ii}^{\prime}}} = \frac{{{C}\left( {{\overset{->}{P}}_{i}^{b} \cdot {\overset{->}{P}}_{i}^{s}} \right)} + {{\overset{->}{P}}_{C}}}{2}}} & (6) \\ {{AM}_{{CC}^{\prime}} = \frac{{{C} \times {{\overset{->}{P}}_{C^{\prime}}}} + {{C^{\prime}} \times {{\overset{->}{P}}_{C}}}}{2}} & (7) \end{matrix}$ where:

${{\overset{->}{P}}_{C}} = {\sum\limits_{i \in C}\left( {{\overset{->}{P}}_{i}^{b} \cdot {\overset{->}{P}}_{i}^{s}} \right)}$ finally, the relationships l_(iC) and l_(CC′) between respectively an object O_(i) and a class C and between two classes C and C′ are defined by the relations: l _(iC) =A _(iC) −α×AM _(iC) l _(CC′) =A _(CC′) −α×AM _(CC′)

If {right arrow over (P)}_(G) ^(b) denotes the binary vector of dimension n all of whose components are equal to 1 and |{right arrow over (P)}_(G)| denotes the trace of the matrix of similarities. Stated otherwise, the sum of the inherent similarities of all the objects of the population or of all the objects O_(i) of the database:

${{\overset{->}{P}}_{G}} = {\sum\limits_{i = 1}^{n}A_{ii}}$ then the quality Q_(C) of a class C will be given by the relation:

$Q_{C} = \frac{{3{{\overset{->}{P}}_{C}^{b} \cdot {\overset{->}{P}}_{C}^{s}}} - {2{{\overset{->}{P}}_{C}^{s} \cdot {\overset{->}{P}}_{G}^{b}}} + {\left( {n - {2{C}}} \right){{\overset{->}{P}}_{C}}} + {{C} \times {{\overset{->}{P}}_{G}}}}{{{C} \times {{\overset{->}{P}}_{G}}} + {\left( {n - {C}} \right){{\overset{->}{P}}_{C}}}}$

The letters C, C′, have been used to express in a generic manner the principle of the method implemented by the invention; for the example which follows, the Applicant has used indices, moreover, to differentiate the classes.

The definitions and the formulations having been set out, the method implemented by the processor of the platform implements the following steps, for which steps a schematic is illustrated in FIG. 2.

Step 1 (Initialization):

Initialization consists in starting from the objects O_(i) contained in the database to be clustered, and in forming the classes as we proceed. Of course, for this step, the data are already in the form of a square array T as illustrated previously which has general term s_(ii′) representing the value taken by the similarity existing between two objects O_(i) and O_(i′).

The first step consists in taking an object O_(i) of the base which has the fewest possible similarities with the other objects, that is to say the one for which the sum of the components of its profile {right arrow over (P)}_(i) ^(s) is the smallest. Stated otherwise, the object O_(i) for which

$\sum\limits_{i^{\prime} = 1}^{n}s_{{ii}^{\prime}}$ is the smallest is chosen.

This choice makes it possible to identify the most atypical classes of objects (those which contain the objects which have the fewest similarities with the majority of the objects). It also makes it possible to avoid having very big classes, which as the iterations proceed become noisy.

Thereafter the object O_(i) found is placed in a first class C₁ where it will be the only element.

Thereafter, from among the remaining objects, the object O_(j), the sum of the elements of whose profile {right arrow over (P)}_(j) ^(s) is the smallest, is chosen. Thereafter the relationship l_(jC) ₁ between the new object O_(j) and the class C₁ is computed. If the relationship l_(jC) ₁ is strictly positive (l_(jC) ₁ >0), then the object O_(j) is placed in class C₁, otherwise a new class C₂ is created, in which the new object O_(j) is placed.

Take, thereafter, a third object O_(i″), the one with the smallest sum of the elements of the profile {right arrow over (P)}_(i″) ^(s) out of those which remain, compute its relationship l_(i″C) ₁ , l_(i″C) ₂ with the two existing classes C₁ and C₂. If the two relationships l_(i″C) ₁ , l_(i″C) ₂ are negative, create a new class C₃ and place the object O_(i″) in it, otherwise place the object in the class C₁ or C₂ with which it has the greatest relationship, i.e. the highest value of the relationship.

Continue this method, until all the objects are assigned to a class C_(k).

On completion of this first step, the method has a set of κ classes containing objects which are inter-connected by the strongest positive relationships.

In this step the Condorcet criterion (formula 4) may be reformulated as a function of the κ classes in the form:

$\begin{matrix} {{C(X)} = {\sum\limits_{k = 1}^{\kappa}l_{C_{k}C_{k}}}} & (8) \end{matrix}$ Indeed, at this juncture, only the relationships of the individuals belonging to one and the same class will be taken into account in the value of the criterion. Step 2 (Merging of Two Classes):

Thereafter, take the κ classes C₁, C₂, one after another, compute for each class considered C_(k) its relationships l_(C) _(k) _(C) _(k′) existing with the other classes C_(k′) (k′≠k). If all the relationships of C_(k) with the other classes are negative this class is left as is and another class is chosen, otherwise the class considered C_(k) is merged with the class C_(k′) with which it has the strongest relationship, the highest value l_(C) _(k) _(C) _(k) . For this purpose, the method will determine the value of the relationship l_(C) _(k) _(C) _(k′) between the class C_(k) and a class C_(k′) where (k′=1, 2, . . . , κ) and (k′≠k); this merging will increase the value of the Condorcet criterion by increasing it by the value of the relationship l_(C) _(k) _(C) _(k′) . Stated otherwise, returning to formula (8) of the criterion, we will have:

$\begin{matrix} {{C(X)} = {\left( {\sum\limits_{k = 1}^{\kappa}l_{C_{k}C_{k}}} \right) + l_{C_{k}C_{k^{\prime}}}}} & (9) \end{matrix}$ the method will therefore determine the largest value of the relationship l_(C) _(k) _(C) _(k′) found and add it to the criterion C(X). This must be carried out for as long as there is a possibility of improving the criterion. The method computes the relationships as long as there exists a relationship having a positive value. It stops when all the relationships are negative. On completion of this second step, the method has a set of L classes where L≦κ, (number of classes less than or equal to the value κ of initial classes). Step 3 (Transfer):

The transfer step consists in transferring, when this operation helps to improve the Condorcet criterion, an object O_(i) situated in one of the L previously defined classes, from its own class C_(k) to another class C_(m) with which it has a better relationship, that is to say, the class such that the value l_(iCm) is the largest.

Indeed, when no merging between classes is possible any longer, that is to say when all the relationships computed in step 2 are negative, the method considers all the objects O_(i) of each class C_(l) one by one, with l less than or equal to L, the method determines the value of the relationship of each object O_(i) with each of the classes C_(l) other than the class of index k into which it was classed in the initial step. If an object O_(i) has a better relationship with another class than its own then this object will be transferred from its class to the new class of index m, with which it has the best relationship, this corresponding to the highest value l_(iC) _(m) .

This will be continued until there is no longer any possibility of improving the criterion, that is to say when all the values of the relationships l_(iC) _(k) are negative.

When no transfer of the objects from one class to another is possible any longer, we return to step 2, to see whether it is not possible to improve the Condorcet criterion by merging other classes. The two previous steps will be applied until there can no longer be any improvement in the value of the Condorcet criterion.

This invention finds its application in various fields as varied as on-line marketing, for example, or strategic monitoring (co-filings of patents, co-citations, co-publications, shared inventions, collaborations, etc.).

For on-line marketing, it is possible to contemplate the monitoring of blogs on the Internet. For this purpose a number N of blogs will be studied and a preprocessing prior to the implementation of the method will make it possible to identify, on each of the blogs, the other blogs referenced. On completion of this preprocessing an N×N matrix identifying the blogs which are related will be generated. This matrix corresponds to the aforementioned square array. Clustering these blogs by implementing the method according to the invention will amount, therefore, to identifying the groups of blogs which are the most related to one another. Statistical computations will thereafter be carried out inside each group to identify the most dynamic blog in each group. It will then suffice to propose a given product to this blog, so that it undertakes the promotion thereof to the other blogs with which it is related.

For an application to strategic monitoring, it will be possible to watch databases of patents, the press, science, etc. It will be possible, thereafter, to extract from these bases information of the type: who are the co-inventors in the case of patents, what are the co-citations in scientific articles, for example, the collaborations, etc. All this information, once classified (or clustered) by executing the method according to the invention, will be able to make it possible to identify the centers of interest of a group of inventors (or even of a company or country) etc.

This invention uses a novel and original method to cluster large databases, in a fast and linear manner. It takes into account various types of data: either of rectangular type (objects×variables) representing variables measured on the objects of the base, the variables are for example attributes a, or of square type (Objects×Objects) representing measurements of similarities or more generally, relations between the objects of the base. 

The invention claimed is:
 1. A method for clustering data or objects taking the form of an array S, each of the elements of said array S corresponding to a value of similarity s_(ij) existing between said data or objects, said method being implemented within a computer linked with a database containing the data or objects to be clustered comprising a work memory, and a processor, the method comprising: 1) determining a number k of classes of objects in the following manner: take one of the data or objects, O_(i), which has the fewest possible similarities s_(ij) with the other data or objects, for which the sum of the components $\sum\limits_{i^{\prime} = 1}^{n}s_{{ii}^{\prime}}$ of a profile for O _(i) is the smallest, Place the individual O_(i) in a first class C₁, Consider the remaining data or objects different from O_(i) and take from among them a second object O_(j), for which the sum of the components of a profile for O_(j) is the smallest out of the remaining objects, if a relationship l_(jC) ₁ computed between the second object O_(j) with the previous class C₁ consisting of a single individual is negative, then create a new class C₂ and place the second object O_(j) in the new class C₂, otherwise if this relationship is positive, place the object O_(j) in the class C₁, repeat until all the data or objects O_(j) belong to a class of index k, on completion of this first step the method has a set of κ classes, 2) for each of the κ classes found in step 1), determine the value of the relationships between a class C_(k) and the other classes C_(k′) such that k′ is different from k, if all the relationships determined l_(C) _(k) _(C) _(k′) are negative, then do not merge the class C_(k) with another class, Otherwise, merge the class considered C_(k) with the class C_(k′) with which C_(k) has the strongest relationship, the highest value l_(C) _(k) _(C) _(k′) , add this value to the criterion ${C(X)} = {\left( {\sum\limits_{k = 1}^{\kappa}l_{C_{k}C_{k}}} \right) + l_{C_{k}C_{k^{\prime}}}}$ until stability of this criterion is obtained, on completion of step 2), the method has L classes with L≦κ, 3) determining, for each object of each class C_(l) with l≦L one by one, a value of a relationship l_(iC) _(m) of the object with each of the classes C_(j) other than the class of index k into which the object was classed in step, 1) if a value of a relationship l_(iC) _(m) with the class of index m is greater than the value of the relationship l_(iC) _(k) then transfer the object from the class of index k to the new class of index m, this is continued until all the values of the relationships l_(iC) _(k) are negative.
 2. The method according to claim 1, wherein a square array representative of n×n objects is used.
 3. The method according to claim 1, wherein a rectangular array representative of n objects×a attributes is used, and a step of transforming the array n objects×a attributes to the array S containing the values of similarity s_(ij) existing between said data or objects is executed.
 4. A system to cluster data or objects taking the form of an array S, each of the elements of said array S corresponding to a value of similarity s_(ij) existing between said data or objects, the system comprising: a computer linked with a database to be classified comprising a work memory, a processor configured to perform: 1) determining a number k of classes of objects in the following manner: take one of the data or objects, O_(i), which has the fewest possible similarities s_(ij) with the other data or objects, for which the sum of the components $\sum\limits_{i^{\prime} = 1}^{n}s_{{ii}^{\prime}}$ of a profile for O_(i) is the smallest, Place the individual O_(i) , in a first class C₁, Consider the remaining data or objects different from O_(i) , and take from among them a second object O_(j), for which the sum of the components of a profile for O_(j) , is the smallest out of the remaining objects, if a relationship l_(jC) ₁ computed between the second object O _(j) with the previous class C₁ consisting of a single individual is negative, then create a new class C₂ and place the second object O_(j) in the new class C₂, otherwise if this relationship is positive, place the object O _(j) in the class C₁, repeat until all the data or objects O_(j) belong to a class of index k, on completion of this first step the method has a set of κ classes, 2) for each of the κ classes found in step 1), determine the value of the relationships between a class C_(k) and the other classes C_(k′), such that k′ is different from k, if all the relationships determined l_(C) _(k) _(C) _(k′) are negative, then do not merge the class C_(k) with another class, Otherwise, merge the class considered C_(k) with the class C_(k′), with which C_(k) has the strongest relationship, the highest value l_(C) _(k) _(C) _(k′) , add this value to the criterion ${C(X)} = {\left( {\sum\limits_{k = 1}^{\kappa}l_{C_{k}C_{k}}} \right) + l_{C_{k}C_{k^{\prime}}}}$ until stability of this criterion is obtained, on completion of step 2), the method has L classes with L<κ, 3) determining, for each object of each class C_(l) with l<L, one by one, a value of a relationship l_(iC) _(m) of the object with each of the classes C_(j) , other than the class of index k into which the object was classed in step 1), if a value of a relationship l_(iC) _(m) with the class of index m is greater than the value of the relationship l_(iC) _(k) then transfer the object from the class of index k to the new class of index m, this is continued until all the values of the relationships l_(iC) _(k) are negative.
 5. The system according to claim 4, further comprising: a database containing the result of the classification.
 6. The system according to claim 4, further comprising: inputs/outputs or a man machine interface. 